COSI 107A: Introduction to Computer Security

You got results, but they’re not relevant:

• Are there more precise or more specific words you can try instead?
• Are the words used in a different context than you meant them? Try some synonyms or related terms. 
• If your results are sorted by date or citation count, try sorting by relevance or best match instead.

You got results that are vaguely related, but they’re all over the place:

• If you got a lot of results, try adding a word or two to your search to make it more specific.
• If that gives you no results, try replacing some of the words instead of adding them.

You got few or no results:

• If you used a lot of search terms, try removing one and see what happens.
• If you searched for something very specific, try something that’s related, but a little broader (i.e. exercise instead of running).

Which words you search for and how you enter them into databases can have a big impact on the number of search results you get and their relevance to your topic.

Taking the time to choose your search terms carefully can save you time in the long run, because you’ll end up with better results.

Brainstorm first!

The first step is to brainstorm some keywords -- words and short phrases that are most likely to show up in books and articles about your topic. 

It helps to include synonyms and similar phrases, since different sources might use different language to describe the same concepts. 

As you search, keep an eye out for more keywords. 

• What words and phrases are coming up in your search results?
• Which subject terms* are tagged to relevant articles? (See below for more info)

Sometimes you can get what you need just by typing relevant search terms into a database. If that doesn't work, there are some strategies you can use to tell the database exactly what you're looking for. 

Use AND & OR

AND & OR (called "Boolean operators") are commands that tell the database how to look up your terms. 

AND

If you want to find information about malware's impact on banking, try searching for malware AND banking. This tells the database that you only want articles that mention both malware and banking.

OR

OR gives the database alternative words/phrases to try. For example, searching for malware OR spyware will find articles with either one of those terms. 

Use OR with synonyms to broaden your results. Searching for malware OR spyware will usually give you more results than just one of these terms, since different sources might use different terms.

Use parentheses around similar terms: (malware OR spyware) AND banking.

Truncation and phrase searching

Most, but not all, databases recognize these commands:

Use the asterisk (*) to search for all possible endings of a word. For example, authenticat* will find authenticate, authenticated, authentication, etc.

Use quotation marks (“ ”) to search for a phrase. For example, "data privacy" will find those words in that exact order.